Assessing Households’ Sanitation and Sewage Management Practices in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State Nigeria
Keywords:
Containment, Domestic Sewage, Sustainable Development, Open Defecation, Practices.
Abstract
This study assessed Households’ Sanitation and Sewage Management Practices in Kaduna Metropolis. Published and unpublished literature on Domestic sewage, Sanitation Chain, and World Health Organisation (WHO) and Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) reports were reviewed to form the conceptual framework of the study. A sample size of 1,874 houses were drawn from a sample frame of 88,621 houses representing the city core, North, South, East, and western sectors of the metropolis. The systematic Sampling Technique was used to collect primary data from households using a questionnaire and filling of checklist. Cross Tabulations were used to analyze data, while, pictures expressed additional facts and discussion of results in prose. The variables assessed were derived from the WHO, UNICEF, and JMP 2018 SDG monitoring template for Water Sanitation and Hygiene. The study ascertained that; most (52.9%) households use Water Closet. Majority (61.2%) do not share toilets, yet, not open defecation free. Toilets (81.1%) are built with cement blocks, 89.4% have roofs, 84.5% have lockable doors, 72.5% of pit latrines have no covers, 53.8% use water and soap as hand washing and cleansing material, containments are 72.2% offset link to toilets, with most (40.7%) horizontal buffer of < 15mto water source. Majority (89%) of households use motorised methods to empty filled pits. Recommendations such as public education and enlightenment on appropriate practice, establishment of an abatement committee to combat emerging Open defecation, biogas plants for alternative energy, and securing areas that are hot spots to Open Defecation (OD) forms were suggested.
References
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Abubakar, I. R. (2018). Exploring the determinants of Open Defecation in Nigeria using Demographic and Health Survey Data. Science of the Total Environment Journal. 637-638, 1455-1465
Adewumi, J.R. and Oguntuase, A.M. (2016). Planning of waste water Reuse programme in Nigeria. Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development, 15 (1), 1-33
Akcin, G., Alp, O., Gulyas, H., and Bust, B. (2013). Characteristics, Analytic and Sampling of Wastewater). E-Learning Course. Lesson A1- Efficient Management of Waste water course, funded by the European Union. retrieved from https://cgi.tu-harburg.de/ ~awwweb/wbt/emwater/documents/lesson_a1.pdf on the 22nd March, 2020
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Bartram, J. and Caincross, S. (2010). Hygiene, Sanitation and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health. PLOS Medicine online journal,7(11),9,retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367 on the 12th of November, 2018
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Habila, S.K. (2021). Perspectives in Research Fieldwork: A COVID 19 Experience. A paper presented at the Faculty of Management Sciences (FMS) 2021, 1st International Conference, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike (AE-FUNAI) Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Themed: ‘SDGs and COVID 19: Mainstreaming Resilient and Sustainable Economic Transformation in Africa’. Organised by the Faculty of Management Sciences (FMS), (AE-FUNAI) Ebonyi State. Held at Theatre Arts Auditorium, on the 13th to 15th of October, 2021.
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Hyun, C., Burt, Z., Crider, Y., Nelson, K.L., Prasad, C.S. S., Rayasam, S.D.G., Tarpeh, W. and Ray, I. (2019). Sanitation for Low Income Regions: A cross Disciplinary Review. Annual Review Environment and Resources,44,287-318. Retrieved from environ.annualreviews.org. online doi https//doi.org/10.1146/annurev-rev-environ-101718-033327 on the 6th June, 2020
Idris-Nda, A., Aliyu, H.K. and Dalil, M. (2013). The Challenges of Domestic Wastewater Management in Nigeria: A case study of Minna, Central Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2 (2),1169-1182
IRENA (2020). Rise of Renewables in Cities: Energy Solutions for the Urban Future, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi,114
Iwugo, K. O., D’Arcy, B., and Andoh, R. (2003). Aspects of land-based pollution of an African coastal megacity of Lagos. In Breun, M. (ed.) Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management proceedings of the 7th international Specialised Conference, Dublin, Ireland, Vol. 4, 1,140. Retrieved from http://www.ucd.ie/dipcon/docs/theme14/theme14_32.PDFon the 6th of August, 2019
Jayathilake, N., Drechel, P., Keraita, B., Fernado, S., and Hanjra, M.A. (2019). Guidelines and Regulations for Feacal Sludge Management from On-site Sanitation Facilities, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Resource recovery and reuse series 14. Sri Lanka, International Water Management Institute (WMI) Publication, 46
Joshi, D., Fawcett, B., & Mannan, F. (2011). Health, hygiene and appropriate sanitation: Experiences and perceptions of the urban poor. Environ. Urban. Environment and Urbanization, 23 (1), 91-111
Kaduna State Planning and Budget Commission (2017). Kaduna State Sustainable Development Goals Report. Kaduna, Nigeria, Kaduna State Planning and Budget Commission,134,retrieved from www.mobp.kadgov.ngon the 28th November, 2018
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Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, MJP (2012). Sanitation and Liquid waste management. A Training Module for Local Water Sanitation Management Module 3 at CEPT Kasturbhai Lalbhai University, University Road, Navrangpura, India,48,retrieved from www.pas.org.in on the 16th of June, 2019
Max Lock and Partners (1967). A Survey Plan of the Capital Territory for the Government of Northern Nigeria. London, England, Faber and Faber Limited, 245
Max Lock Consultancy Nigeria Limited, Benna and Triad Associates (2010). Kaduna Master Plan: Final Report Max Lock Center. London, University of Westminster Press, 339
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. (1991). Waste water Engineering Treatment, Disposal and Resue. 3rd edn., New York, Mc GrawHill, Pp. 35-40
National Population Commission (2006). The 2006 Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Priority Tables. Abuja, Nigeria, Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2, 21-29
National Population Commission (NPC) and Inner-City Fund (ICF) International (2019). Nigeria Demographic and Field Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria and Rockville, Maryland, USA, NPC and ICF International publication, 748
Ngasoh, F. G., Ahmadu A.A. and Lingbuin, H.G. (2020). Treatment and Use of Sewage Effluent and Sludge for Irrigation: A Review. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5 (10), 87-94.
Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health initiative (2019). Toolkit. Kaduna, online publication Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health initiative, retrieved from www.nurhitoolkit.org/progon the 7th of August, 2019
Obada, E.M., and Oladejo, O.I. (2013). Groundwater Quality Appraisal in Southern Parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Engineering. 3 (1),77-83, retrieved from online Doi: 10.55923/j.ajee.20130301.11 on the 17th of January, 2018
Ogbonna, D. N. and Erheriene, B.A. (2017). Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Open drains and its Public Health Implications for Water Resources in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Waste Resources (open access)DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000303, 7(4), 6, retrieved on the 12th of January, 2020
Oji, I.S., Chukwuma, N. P., Friday, N.K. and Philip, P. (2018). Domestic Waste water Treatment and Re-use in Awka Urban, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management (IIARD), 4 (2), 16-24,retrieved on the 12th of August, 2019 from www.iiardpub.org
Oladimeji, J. S., Shittu, A. O., and Amali, I. D. (2016) Locational Implications of Water Wells and Septic Tanks on Sustainable Urban Environment. A paper presented at the 12th Annual National Conference of SOSEH at the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, from the 14th to 17th of November, 225-230
Oladimeji, J.S., Atere, P.M., Meshubi, A.O., Dauda, P. I. and Ikpe, E. (2015). Socio-Environmental Dimensions of Urban Storm water Drainage Development in An Unplanned Neighbourhood of Zaria, Nigeria. ARCHISEARCH-International Journal of Architecture and Environment, 5 (1), 34-45
Oluwadamisi, E.A. (2013). Evaluation of Waste water management systems in Abuja for sustainability and development of appropriate engineering strategy. An unpublished Masters of Philosophy dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Ouda, O.K.M., (2015). Treated wastewater use in Saudi Arabia: challenges and initiatives. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32 (5),799-809, Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cijw20 on the 19th January, 2019
Rigasa, Y.A. (2016). Kaduna Sewage Strategy Sustainable City Sanitation Investment. A paper presented at a stakeholders Forum on Municipal liquid waste management in Kaduna state Environmental Protection Authority No. 10 Link Road Unguwan television, Kaduna State on the 3rd of August, 2016
Robins, S. (2014). The 2011 Toilet Wars in South Africa: Justice and Transition between the Exceptional and the Everyday after Apartheid. Development and Change Journal, 45(3), 479-501
Rotowa, O.O, Olujimi, J.A., Omole, F.K. and Olajuyigbe, A.E. (2015). Socio-economic Factors Affecting Household’s Sanitation Preferences in Akure, Nigeria. European International Journal of Science and Technology, 4 (5), 183-194.
Rotowa, O.O. and Ayadi, P. A (2020). Feacal Sludge Management in the Residential Cores of Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, 6 (2), 32-47.
Sengupta, S. (2019). Open Defecation in Nigeria: Feacal Sludge is Country’s ticking time Bomb. ‘Down to earth’ Society for Environmental Communications (New Delhi, India),16 November, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.downtpeartht.org on the 26th of April, 2021.
Srinivasan, R. (2015). Lack of Toilets and Violence against Indian Women: Empirical evidence and Policy Implications. Online uploaded and published paper by SSRN on 31st May, 2015,36,Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm on the 18th March, 2019
Sustainable Development Goals Centre for Africa and Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2019). Africa SDG Index and Dashboard report 2019. Kigali and New York, SDGCASN press,244 Retrieved from www.AfricaSDGIndex.org on the 25th of November, 2019
UNEP, WHO, UN-HABITAT, and WSSCC (2004). Guidelines on Municipal wastewater management. The Hague, Netherlands, UNEP/ GPA publications, 112, Retrieved from www.gpa.unep.org on the 15th of June, 2019.
UNEP, WHO, UN-HABITAT, and WSSCC (2004). Guidelines on Municipal wastewater management. The Hague, Netherlands, UNEP/ GPA publications, p. 112 Retrieved from www.gpa.unep.org on the 15th of June, 2019
United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, (1978). Kaduna Sewerage and Drainage Project. Master plan Annex C Technical Studies. Friedburg Germany, Gerhard Holfieder Limited, Project NIR/75/101,84
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), (2015). Policy Guidance Manual on Wastewater Management. Bangkok, Thailand, United Nations and AIT publications,144. Retrieved from http://www.nescap.org/publications on the 16th of November, 2018.
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and United Nations Human Settlements (UN-HABITAT) (2010); Sick Water? The Central Role of Wastewater Management in Sustainable Development: a rapid response assessment. Corcoran, E. Nelleman, C., Baker, E., Osborn, D., and Savelli, H., (Eds.), Norway, Northern Europe, Birkeland Trykkeri AS Press, p.38, Retrieved from www.grida.no on the 23rd March, 2019
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Published
2023-10-24
How to Cite
Sunday , S. K. H. (2023). Assessing Households’ Sanitation and Sewage Management Practices in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State Nigeria. URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING REVIEW, 9(1), 64-77. Retrieved from http://urpr.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/1862
Section
Articles
